If Tunisia was hailed as the success story of the “Arab Spring” revolts for its democratic progress, it has also become an example of the dangers in failing to tackle economic malaise, alienation and frustrations of North African youth.
"Lack of employment, security and poverty have pushed our men to leave Sra Ouertane for the big cities to look for work" said Khadidja.
"Most of the houses are empty. The owners left to look for a better life".
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
Unemployed graduate Rabie Gharssali, 35, prays beside the grave of his friend Ridha Yahyaoui.
In 2010 a young, desperate vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself ablaze in a suicide protest over unemployment and police abuse that spread revolt across the Arab world.
Five years on, Ridha Yahyaoui killed himself in frustration after being refused a job, inflaming protests through the same impoverished towns that once brought down the regime of Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali.
"Ridha killed himself because he lost hope," said Yahyaoui's father Hathmane.
"I have lost my son, but I warn the authorities, my son will be the new Bouazizi and his death with create more protests for work and dignity."
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
In Kasserine, the central city where recent protests began, more disaffected young men have threatened to kill themselves. Two were injured after trying to throw themselves off the roof of the local government building in fits of anger over the lack of jobs.
Others, including unemployed Yosri Adjili, have gone on hunger strike.
Tunisia's prime minister has said that the country's young democracy would be preserved "whatever the cost" and that it would take time to respond to young people's economic demands.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
A new constitution, a political compromise between secular and Islamist parties and free elections have been praised as a model for transition in a region where the gun has often beat out the ballot box. But political progress has not been matched by economic advances.
"The political and economic situation in Tunisia is going from bad to worse. I don’t see any improvement since the 2011 revolution,” Nurddine Nasseri said.
“I want to be optimistic but it is just hard for me at the moment. My life is a disaster. I am married but can't afford a decent apartment.”
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
Unlike its oil-wealthy neighbours Libya and Algeria, Tunisia has few natural resources and the years of instability have crimped investment.
Three major attacks last year by Islamist militants -- against a museum in Tunis, tourists in a Sousse beach resort and a suicide bombing in the capital -- have especially hit the tourist industry, a key source of jobs and revenue.
"The political and economic situation of Tunisia is going worse to worse, terrorist attacks did not help,” said Hamza Nasri an unemployed graduate.
“Tourists and investors flee the country for lack of security. My country has invested only in tourism and I think it was an error from the beginning, Tunisia possesses other potential.”
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
University graduates comprise one-third of jobless Tunisians after student numbers increased. Mohamed Bouazizi was a graduate who had to sell fruit and vegetables to survive.
Those conditions are part of why even middle-class, educated Tunisians sometimes fall prey to Islamist militant recruiters seeking jihadist fighters for their ranks in Syria, Iraq and now Libya. More than 3,000 Tunisians are believed to be fighting in Islamist militant groups in Iraq and Syria.
“The state must find a solution for all our problems. We devoted years of our lives to study with hope to serve our country but we ended up unemployed, it's unacceptable,” said Nasser Abaidi, 34, who is an unemployed graduate.
“Young people are desperate, some of them think to leave the country, others join terrorists groups, this is unacceptable also. I feel that the stability of the old days is far away.”
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
"I am conscious that the political and economic situation in my country right now is dramatic” said Maroua Aichaoui, 26, an unemployed graduate.
“I hope the state enables the youth to bring the country out of its crisis."
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. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
Graffiti is seen at the entrance of the impoverished Zhor neighborhood of Kasserine, where young people have been demonstrating for jobs.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
Unemployed men sit on motorcycle beside a graffiti which reads "Marginalized youth”.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
Younes Fekraoui, 26, who is an unemployed graduate, holds his degree certificates.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
Unemployed people sit at a cafe next to a sign that reads: "Give me my rights and the rights of my country. They are killing us alive and celebrating our dead. No to the fragile employment."
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
Unemployed people carry away their friend who is on hunger strike after he fainted during a sit-in protest to get jobs, outside the local government office.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
Aisha, 24, who is unemployed, receives a social support of two hundred and thirty dinars from the local government a month. "I lost all hope, nothing has changed in five years" Aisha said.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
Eight-year-old Shahda stands at the impoverished Zhor neighborhood.
. Kef, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
A man uses a cane while walking outside his house.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
A wheelchair is seen at the impoverished Zhor neighborhood.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
A man dressed in burnous stands at the impoverished Zhor neighborhood.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
Wrida, 75, a mother of three unemployed children, pours dirty water outside her house.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
"The political and economic situation of my country is scaring me, I see no improvement. Our children have graduated but they can't find any job, we fear for them, there is a huge risk of delinquency, they can be also be recruited by terrorists who are threatening Tunisia,” said Aisha Khadraui (right), 49, collects plastic bottles to sell for recycling.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
A woman carries her mother.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
A boy plays while a woman walks in the impoverished Zhor neighborhood.
. Kasserine, Tunisia. Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
A boy carries used tyres that he collected from a rubbish dump site.