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En Inde, une logistique hors normes pour les législatives

Pas moins de 814 millions d'Indiens sont appelés à élire leurs députés au cours des cinq semaines que durera le vote.

Par  (New Delhi, correspondance)

Publié le 07 avril 2014 à 12h25, modifié le 07 avril 2014 à 15h23

Temps de Lecture 2 min.

  • An election official carries electronic voting machines to be handed over to poll officials before they leave for their designated polling booths in Agartala, in the north-eastern Indian state of Tripura, India, Sunday, April 6, 2014. The first phase of several weeks long national elections will be underway when parts of the eastern Indian states of Tripura and Assam go to poll on Monday, April 7. (AP Photo/Saurabh Das)

    An election official carries electronic voting machines to be handed over to poll officials before they leave for their designated polling booths in Agartala, in the north-eastern Indian state of Tripura, India, Sunday, April 6, 2014. The first phase of several weeks long national elections will be underway when parts of the eastern Indian states of Tripura and Assam go to poll on Monday, April 7. (AP Photo/Saurabh Das) AP/Saurabh Das

  • Indian polling officials sit inside a hall of a school as they inspect the performances of electronic voting machines and other election material before heading to their respective polling stations on the eve of the first phase of national elections in Dibrugarh, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam, Sunday, April 6, 2014. The first phase of several weeks long national elections will be underway when parts of the eastern Indian states of Tripura and Assam go to poll on Monday, April 7. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)

    Indian polling officials sit inside a hall of a school as they inspect the performances of electronic voting machines and other election material before heading to their respective polling stations on the eve of the first phase of national elections in Dibrugarh, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam, Sunday, April 6, 2014. The first phase of several weeks long national elections will be underway when parts of the eastern Indian states of Tripura and Assam go to poll on Monday, April 7. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri) AP/Altaf Qadri

  • TO GO WITH India-election-logistics by Abhaya SRIVASTAVA
(FILES) In this photograph taken on April 19, 2004, Indian election officials load electronic voting machines (EVM) on a elephant leaving for polling stations of the Guwahati constituency on the eve of national elections in Nortap, Assam state.  In India's elections which begin on April 7, 2014, some 814 million people are eligible to vote, 100 million more than last time round in 2009 which compares with an electorate of some 219 million in the United States.    AFP PHOTO/FILES

    TO GO WITH India-election-logistics by Abhaya SRIVASTAVA (FILES) In this photograph taken on April 19, 2004, Indian election officials load electronic voting machines (EVM) on a elephant leaving for polling stations of the Guwahati constituency on the eve of national elections in Nortap, Assam state. In India's elections which begin on April 7, 2014, some 814 million people are eligible to vote, 100 million more than last time round in 2009 which compares with an electorate of some 219 million in the United States. AFP PHOTO/FILES AFP/STR

  • A polling officer carrying electronic voting machines accompanied by two securitymen arrives in a country boat on the eve of parliamentary elections at Misamora Sapori, an island in the River Brahmaputra in Assam state, India, Sunday, April 6, 2014. India will hold national elections from April 7 to May 12, kicking off a vote that many observers see as the most important election in more than 30 years in the world's largest democracy. (AP Photo/Anupam Nath)

    A polling officer carrying electronic voting machines accompanied by two securitymen arrives in a country boat on the eve of parliamentary elections at Misamora Sapori, an island in the River Brahmaputra in Assam state, India, Sunday, April 6, 2014. India will hold national elections from April 7 to May 12, kicking off a vote that many observers see as the most important election in more than 30 years in the world's largest democracy. (AP Photo/Anupam Nath) AP/Anupam Nath

  • Indian election officials prepare electronic voting machines for distribution at a distribution center set up at a school campus in Dibrugarh, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam, Sunday, April 6, 2014. The first phase of several weeks long national elections will be underway when parts of the eastern Indian states of Tripura and Assam go to poll on Monday, April 7. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)

    Indian election officials prepare electronic voting machines for distribution at a distribution center set up at a school campus in Dibrugarh, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam, Sunday, April 6, 2014. The first phase of several weeks long national elections will be underway when parts of the eastern Indian states of Tripura and Assam go to poll on Monday, April 7. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri) AP/Altaf Qadri

  • Indian election officials work to setup a polling station inside a school on the eve of the first phase of national elections in Dibrugarh, in the northeastern state of Assam, India, Sunday, April 6, 2014. India will hold national elections from April 7 to May 12, kicking off a vote that many observers see as the most important election in more than 30 years in the world's largest democracy. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)

    Indian election officials work to setup a polling station inside a school on the eve of the first phase of national elections in Dibrugarh, in the northeastern state of Assam, India, Sunday, April 6, 2014. India will hold national elections from April 7 to May 12, kicking off a vote that many observers see as the most important election in more than 30 years in the world's largest democracy. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri) AP/Altaf Qadri

  • A polling officer carrying electronic voting machines arrives accompanied by security men in a three wheeler on the eve of parliamentary elections at Misamora Sapori, an island in the River Brahmaputra in Assam state, India, Sunday, April 6, 2014. India will hold national elections from April 7 to May 12, kicking off a vote that many observers see as the most important election in more than 30 years in the world's largest democracy. (AP Photo/Anupam Nath)

    A polling officer carrying electronic voting machines arrives accompanied by security men in a three wheeler on the eve of parliamentary elections at Misamora Sapori, an island in the River Brahmaputra in Assam state, India, Sunday, April 6, 2014. India will hold national elections from April 7 to May 12, kicking off a vote that many observers see as the most important election in more than 30 years in the world's largest democracy. (AP Photo/Anupam Nath) AP/Anupam Nath

  • An Indian election official checks an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) prior to distribution to polling officials at Agartala, the capital of northeastern state of Tripura on April 6, 2014. Five constituencies in Assam state and one in Tripura (Tripura West) state will go to the polls in the first phase as India's marathon nine-phase election kicks off April 7 and ends on May 12 when hundreds of millions will have cast their ballots.   AFP PHOTO/ARINDAM DEY

    An Indian election official checks an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) prior to distribution to polling officials at Agartala, the capital of northeastern state of Tripura on April 6, 2014. Five constituencies in Assam state and one in Tripura (Tripura West) state will go to the polls in the first phase as India's marathon nine-phase election kicks off April 7 and ends on May 12 when hundreds of millions will have cast their ballots. AFP PHOTO/ARINDAM DEY AFP/ARINDAM DEY

  • TO GO WITH India-election-logistics by Abhaya SRIVASTAVA
(FILES) In this file photograph taken on May 12, 2009 Indian Election Commission officials carry electronic voting machines (EVM) to a polling booth at a tribal village in Kaza, located in the district of Lahaul-Spiti in Himachal Pradesh, on the eve of the final phase of Indian general elections. In India's elections which begin on April 7, 2014, some 814 million people are eligible to vote, 100 million more than last time round in 2009 which compares with an electorate of some 219 million in the United States.     AFP PHOTO/ANIL DAYAL/FILES

    TO GO WITH India-election-logistics by Abhaya SRIVASTAVA (FILES) In this file photograph taken on May 12, 2009 Indian Election Commission officials carry electronic voting machines (EVM) to a polling booth at a tribal village in Kaza, located in the district of Lahaul-Spiti in Himachal Pradesh, on the eve of the final phase of Indian general elections. In India's elections which begin on April 7, 2014, some 814 million people are eligible to vote, 100 million more than last time round in 2009 which compares with an electorate of some 219 million in the United States. AFP PHOTO/ANIL DAYAL/FILES AFP/ANIL DAYAL

  • Election officials wait for the polling officers to collect their Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) at a distribution centre ahead of general elections in Jorhat district, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam April 6, 2014. India, the world's largest democracy, will hold its general election in nine stages staggered between April 7 and May 12. REUTERS/Adnan Abidi (INDIA - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS)

    Election officials wait for the polling officers to collect their Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) at a distribution centre ahead of general elections in Jorhat district, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam April 6, 2014. India, the world's largest democracy, will hold its general election in nine stages staggered between April 7 and May 12. REUTERS/Adnan Abidi (INDIA - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS) REUTERS/ADNAN ABIDI

  • Policemen deployed on election duty wait for their name to be announced at a distribution centre ahead of general elections in Jorhat district, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam April 6, 2014. India, the world's largest democracy, will hold its general election in nine stages staggered between April 7 and May 12. REUTERS/Adnan Abidi (INDIA - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS)

    Policemen deployed on election duty wait for their name to be announced at a distribution centre ahead of general elections in Jorhat district, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam April 6, 2014. India, the world's largest democracy, will hold its general election in nine stages staggered between April 7 and May 12. REUTERS/Adnan Abidi (INDIA - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS) REUTERS/ADNAN ABIDI

  • A polling officer (C) gets his medical check-up done before leaving for his assigned polling station at a distribution centre ahead of general elections in Jorhat district, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam April 6, 2014. India, the world's largest democracy, will hold its general election in nine stages staggered between April 7 and May 12. REUTERS/Adnan Abidi (INDIA - Tags: ELECTIONS POLITICS)

    A polling officer (C) gets his medical check-up done before leaving for his assigned polling station at a distribution centre ahead of general elections in Jorhat district, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam April 6, 2014. India, the world's largest democracy, will hold its general election in nine stages staggered between April 7 and May 12. REUTERS/Adnan Abidi (INDIA - Tags: ELECTIONS POLITICS) REUTERS/ADNAN ABIDI

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« Les chiffres sont ahurissants », a prévenu V. S. Sampath, le directeur de la commission électorale indienne lors d'une conférence de presse en mars. Les trente-sept jours que durera le scrutin vont mobiliser 11 millions de personnes, dont des instituteurs et les forces de l'ordre, dans plus de 930 000 bureaux de vote.

Les machines à voter électroniques vont être acheminées à dos d'âne, par bateau et par hélicoptère dans les contrées les plus reculées. Le vote aura lieu « à une altitude comprise entre le niveau de la mer et 4 800 mètres, et à une température comprise entre -10 °C et +48 °C », a ajouté HS Brahma, l'un des responsables de la commission électorale. Pour exemple, en 2009, il avait fallu quatre jours de marche pour apporter le matériel électoral aux 37 électeurs qui habitaient dans une région isolée aux confins du Cachemire. Les résultats avaient ensuite été communiqués par téléphone satellite.

Ces élections, qui s'étalent sur cinq semaines, seront également les plus longues au monde. Des salles sécurisées seront aménagées pour abriter les machines de votes électroniques, en attendant le dépouillement du 16 mai. Chaque salle forte ne pourra comporter qu'une seule porte d'entrée, gardée par la police, devant laquelle seront installées des tentes où les représentants de chaque parti pourront surveiller les allées et venues. Le scrutin sera également placé sous la protection de l'armée, notamment dans les zones contrôlées par la rébellion naxalite.

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L'autre mission, sans doute la plus délicate, de la commission électorale consiste à contrôler les frais de campagne. En principe, ceux-ci ne peuvent pas dépasser 7 millions de roupies, soit 85 000 euros. Ils sont en réalité bien supérieurs et l'argent ne sert pas qu'à acheter des tracts ou des affiches de campagne. Les candidats distribuent généreusement des chèvres, parfois des médicaments et beaucoup d'alcool, en toute illégalité.

Devant un bureau de vote de Nakhrai, dans l’Assam (nord-est de l’Inde), lundi 7 avril 2014.

Cette année, la commission électorale va donc contrôler la production, le stockage et la distribution d'alcool pendant la durée des élections. Elle veillera également à enrayer l'épidémie des « informations payées ». Au Maharashtra, des journalistes s'étaient par exemple déplacés en compagnie d'agents commerciaux pour couvrir les meetings électoraux. L'un pour poser les questions au candidat et l'autre pour empocher l'argent contre la diffusion ou la publication de l'interview. En février, une chaîne de télévision a révélé que des Instituts de sondage acceptaient de modifier leurs estimations de vote contre rémunération.

Une grande partie de l'argent dépensé pendant la campagne échappe à la comptabilité officielle et circule en liquide ou sous forme de lingots d'or dans le pays. La commission électorale a formé des brigades mobiles chargées de fouiller les véhicules pouvant cacher de l'argent. Elle a aussi prévenu que les « VIP » seraient fouillés aux aéroports. Comme l'expliquent Rajeev Gowda et Eswaran Sridharan dans un article publié par la revue Election Law Journal, « les candidats les plus riches ont de meilleures chance de remporter les élections ». Certains partis politiques préfèrent nommer des candidats capables d'investir des sommes importantes dans leur campagne, favorisant par là même les « entrepreneurs politiques », à savoir des hommes d'affaires qui décident d'investir de l'argent en politique pour défendre leurs propres intérêts ou en retirer des profits sous forme de pots-de-vin s'ils sont élus.

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